There are 2 concepts when talking about "resource" for CA PPM -
The User = the profile/person that logs into CA PPM; the user can become a member to 1 or more partitions. This allows them to "see" visually different layout of data on objects that have been partitioned
The Resource = this is the data instance describing the workforce or non-labor resources and the Resource is the entity that gets managed by Resource Manager on their assignment to task, or allocation on a project (not the user).
So if you go with these definitions, Nick's comment is applicable to the User, ie When you look at the user (from Admin Tool -> Resources), this is where you are assigning access rights and partition membership and defining what visual experience a person would have when logged into CA PPM.
The partition works in conjunction with access rights.
Example: User Jane Smith is a resource manager for IT Network organization. She needs to be able to edit resources within IT Network group (all IT Network resources are associated to the "IT Network" department OBS unit). CA PPM has been setup with a partition and there is a partition called "Network", where for any resource record created and associated to the "Network" partition, there is a specific code that has to be tracked within CA PPM and it is a reference to an external system that all network resources use. Only Network resources have this ID, no one else within IT does. So under the "Network" partition, the resource properties has a custom attribute defined called "Special Code" and has been configured to display on the Resource - General Properties page.
As a user, Jane Smith needs "Resource - Edit" right to be able to actually update network group resources (or she can inherit this right by being named the Resource Manager on individual resources). Just being a member of the "Network" partition, will not give her editing rights on a resource. So Jane Smith is actually assigned to the "Resource Manager" group where she gets the "Resource - Edit" right.
By being a member of the "Network" partition, as she navigates into a resource record that she has rights to see, she can see a field called "Special Code" appearing on the Resource - General Properties screen.
And so, a User can be a member of 1 or more partitions. A resource (instance), is associated to one partition code only. And if a user is tied to multiple partitions, when the user look at a resource instance, they can choose what partition-view they would like to see the resource record under (it is part of the selection under the Action dropdown on the list view).
I hope that helped explain the differences.