In many cases it would be good to look if there is anything helpful in the logs (Error 505 just does not tell you anything).
The alternative for "Publish" is the "Restore defaults" in the portlet configuration.
If you get the error and cannot open the portlet you cannot navigate to the configuration either.
In that case you copy the URL of the configuration page from a user that can access it.
Is that what you tried and did not work?
If that is a custom portlet the user can place another instance of it on a custom tab. That should be the default and accessible.